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Measuring Teacher Excellence: Understanding the Rwanda Imihigo Performance Indicators

The Republic of Rwanda, through its Ministry of Education, employs a sophisticated and comprehensive system to assess and enhance the quality of teaching: the Teacher Imihigo (Performance Contract). For the academic year 2025-2026 , this framework meticulously measures teacher performance as a combination of two critical areas: (A) Teacher Inputs and (B) Pupil Learning Outcomes. This dual approach ensures that evaluation is both fair, focusing on controllable actions, and effective, emphasizing measurable student progress.

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A. Component I: Teacher Inputs (III.A.) 🧑‍🏫

Teacher Inputs focus on the behavioral and procedural metrics directly managed by the educator. These are the "5 Ps"—Presence, Preparation, Pedagogy, Participation in CAMIS, and Pupil Learning (the last of which forms the second main component). The Imihigo document details rigorous, data-driven methods for evaluating the first four.

1. Teacher Presence (III.A. 1)

• Metric: This assesses whether teachers are present and punctual in class.
• Measurement: Performance is gauged by presence during a daily presence check. Head Teachers (HTs) monitor attendance records and calculate absences without prior permission.
• Evaluation Outcome: The result is broken down by term, indicating the number of expected days, number of days attended, number of excused days, and number of unexcused days. Excused absences are treated favorably, counting as teacher presence.

2. Teacher Preparation (III.A. 2)

• Metric: This ensures teachers make consistent use of lesson plans.
• Measurement: This is measured by the presence of written lesson plans during weekly surprise checks conducted by Head Teachers.
• Evaluation Outcome: For each term, the outcome tracks the number of preparation checks conducted versus the number of checks with a lesson plan available.

3. Teacher Pedagogy (III.A. 3)

• Metric: This evaluates the quality of instruction, assessing in-class evidence of effective teaching.
• Measurement: Head Teachers or Directors of Studies (DoS) conduct formal classroom observations for every teacher, once per term.
• Evaluation Outcome: Teachers are scored on a scale of 3 across six critical components:
1. Lesson Objective
2. Delivery of Curricular Material
3. Identifying student learning levels & using formative assessment
4. Student Engagement
5. Classroom Culture
6. Remedial Instruction The average score for each component across the three terms contributes to the final Pedagogy input.

4. Participation in CAMIS (III.A. 4)

• Metric: This measures the required use of the Comprehensive Assessment Management Information System (CAMIS) for assessment results.
• Measurement: The National Examinations & Schools Inspection Authority (NESA) produces the CAMIS Completion Rates (%).
• Evaluation Outcome: The scores for Term 1, Term 2, and Term 3 are tracked, and an average completion rate is determined. This ensures that teachers accurately complete and enter all their students' end-of-term assessment results in CAMIS.

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B. Component II: Pupil Learning Outcomes (III.B.) 📈

This is the most direct measure of a teacher's impact on student success, shifting the focus from actions to actual results.

• Metric: The primary indicator is the Average percentile rank of pupils in each subject taught by the teacher, weighted by contact hours.
• Measurement: Pupil percentile ranks are calculated relative to a carefully selected comparison group. This group consists of students with similar performance on the Term 3 Comprehensive Assessment in the prior year (or predicted performance for P1). This comparative method controls for external factors and ensures teachers are evaluated on the value they add to their assigned pupils.
• Evaluation Outcome:
• The Teacher's Pupil Learning Score (Raw) represents the average percentile ranks of assigned pupils within their comparison group.
• An additional check, a paper-based cross-marking audit, may be conducted.
• The Teacher's Pupil Learning Score (adjusted for audit outcomes) is the final metric, representing the average percentile rank net of any audit adjustments.

IV. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 🏆

The final step integrates both the Teacher Inputs and Pupil Learning Outcomes into an Overall Performance score. Each of the five core aspects—Presence, Preparation, Pedagogy, Participation in CAMIS, and Pupil Learning—is assigned a Component Score, a Percentile Rank, and a count of Number of teachers Outperformed within the Comparison group. These scores are aggregated to produce the Average Rank, Final Rank, and the ultimate Imihigo Score.

This meticulously detailed evaluation system ensures that teacher success is measured holistically, holding educators accountable not only for their compliance and classroom behavior (Inputs) but, crucially, for the measurable academic progress of every student (Outcomes).